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For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces come in pairs and act on different objects.

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Rate of change of velocity with time. a = Δv/Δt. Units: m/s²

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Process by which plants use sunlight, water and CO₂ to produce glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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x = (-b ± √(b²-4ac)) / 2a where discriminant b²-4ac determines number of real roots

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Cell division producing 2 identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number. Phases: PMAT — Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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V = IR — Voltage equals Current multiplied by Resistance. Units: Volts, Amperes, Ohms

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c ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s in vacuum. Used in E = mc² (Einstein's mass-energy equivalence)

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Mass per unit volume: ρ = m/V. SI unit: kg/m³. Water density = 1000 kg/m³